Non-pharmacological Interventions for Intractable Epilepsy.
Identifieur interne : 000209 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000208; suivant : 000210Non-pharmacological Interventions for Intractable Epilepsy.
Auteurs : Faleh Alqahtani [Arabie saoudite] ; Imran Imran [Pakistan] ; Hafsa Pervaiz [Pakistan] ; Waseem Ashraf [Pakistan] ; Nadia Perveen [Pakistan] ; Muhammad Fawad Rasool [Pakistan] ; Abdullah F. Alasmari [Arabie saoudite] ; Metab Alharbi [Arabie saoudite] ; Noreen Samad [Pakistan] ; Saleh Abdullah Alqarni [Arabie saoudite] ; Salim S. Al-Rejaie [Arabie saoudite] ; Mohammed Mufadhe Alanazi [Arabie saoudite]Source :
- Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society [ 1319-0164 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
In 30% of epileptic individuals, intractable epilepsy represents a problem for the management of seizures and severely affects the patient's quality of life due to pharmacoresistance with commonly used antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Surgery is not the best option for all resistant patients due to its post-surgical consequences. Therefore, several alternative or complementary therapies have scientifically proven significant therapeutic potential for the management of seizures in intractable epilepsy patients with seizure-free occurrences. Various non-pharmacological interventions include metabolic therapy, brain stimulation therapy, and complementary therapy. Metabolic therapy works out by altering the energy metabolites and include the ketogenic diets (KD) (that is restricted in carbohydrates and mimics the metabolic state of the body as produced during fasting and exerts its antiepileptic effect) and anaplerotic diet (which revives the level of TCA cycle intermediates and this is responsible for its effect). Neuromodulation therapy includes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation therapy (RNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy (TMS). Complementary therapies such as biofeedback and music therapy have demonstrated promising results in pharmacoresistant epilepsies. The current emphasis of the review article is to explore the different integrated mechanisms of various treatments for adequate seizure control, and their limitations, and supportive pieces of evidence that show the efficacy and tolerability of these non-pharmacological options.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.016
PubMed: 32792840
PubMed Central: PMC7414058
Affiliations:
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Alasmari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alharbi, Metab" sort="Alharbi, Metab" uniqKey="Alharbi M" first="Metab" last="Alharbi">Metab Alharbi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samad, Noreen" sort="Samad, Noreen" uniqKey="Samad N" first="Noreen" last="Samad">Noreen Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alqarni, Saleh Abdullah" sort="Alqarni, Saleh Abdullah" uniqKey="Alqarni S" first="Saleh Abdullah" last="Alqarni">Saleh Abdullah Alqarni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rejaie, Salim S" sort="Al Rejaie, Salim S" uniqKey="Al Rejaie S" first="Salim S" last="Al-Rejaie">Salim S. Al-Rejaie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alanazi, Mohammed Mufadhe" sort="Alanazi, Mohammed Mufadhe" uniqKey="Alanazi M" first="Mohammed Mufadhe" last="Alanazi">Mohammed Mufadhe Alanazi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 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Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Imran, Imran" sort="Imran, Imran" uniqKey="Imran I" first="Imran" last="Imran">Imran Imran</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pervaiz, Hafsa" sort="Pervaiz, Hafsa" uniqKey="Pervaiz H" first="Hafsa" last="Pervaiz">Hafsa Pervaiz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashraf, Waseem" sort="Ashraf, Waseem" uniqKey="Ashraf W" first="Waseem" last="Ashraf">Waseem Ashraf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perveen, Nadia" sort="Perveen, Nadia" uniqKey="Perveen N" first="Nadia" last="Perveen">Nadia Perveen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasool, Muhammad Fawad" sort="Rasool, Muhammad Fawad" uniqKey="Rasool M" first="Muhammad Fawad" last="Rasool">Muhammad Fawad Rasool</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alasmari, Abdullah F" sort="Alasmari, Abdullah F" uniqKey="Alasmari A" first="Abdullah F" last="Alasmari">Abdullah F. Alasmari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alharbi, Metab" sort="Alharbi, Metab" uniqKey="Alharbi M" first="Metab" last="Alharbi">Metab Alharbi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samad, Noreen" sort="Samad, Noreen" uniqKey="Samad N" first="Noreen" last="Samad">Noreen Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Multan 60800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alqarni, Saleh Abdullah" sort="Alqarni, Saleh Abdullah" uniqKey="Alqarni S" first="Saleh Abdullah" last="Alqarni">Saleh Abdullah Alqarni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rejaie, Salim S" sort="Al Rejaie, Salim S" uniqKey="Al Rejaie S" first="Salim S" last="Al-Rejaie">Salim S. Al-Rejaie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alanazi, Mohammed Mufadhe" sort="Alanazi, Mohammed Mufadhe" uniqKey="Alanazi M" first="Mohammed Mufadhe" last="Alanazi">Mohammed Mufadhe Alanazi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society</title><idno type="ISSN">1319-0164</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In 30% of epileptic individuals, intractable epilepsy represents a problem for the management of seizures and severely affects the patient's quality of life due to pharmacoresistance with commonly used antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Surgery is not the best option for all resistant patients due to its post-surgical consequences. Therefore, several alternative or complementary therapies have scientifically proven significant therapeutic potential for the management of seizures in intractable epilepsy patients with seizure-free occurrences. Various non-pharmacological interventions include metabolic therapy, brain stimulation therapy, and complementary therapy. Metabolic therapy works out by altering the energy metabolites and include the ketogenic diets (KD) (that is restricted in carbohydrates and mimics the metabolic state of the body as produced during fasting and exerts its antiepileptic effect) and anaplerotic diet (which revives the level of TCA cycle intermediates and this is responsible for its effect). Neuromodulation therapy includes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation therapy (RNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy (TMS). Complementary therapies such as biofeedback and music therapy have demonstrated promising results in pharmacoresistant epilepsies. The current emphasis of the review article is to explore the different integrated mechanisms of various treatments for adequate seizure control, and their limitations, and supportive pieces of evidence that show the efficacy and tolerability of these non-pharmacological options.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32792840</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>28</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1319-0164</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Aug</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Saudi Pharm J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Non-pharmacological Interventions for Intractable Epilepsy.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>951-962</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.016</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In 30% of epileptic individuals, intractable epilepsy represents a problem for the management of seizures and severely affects the patient's quality of life due to pharmacoresistance with commonly used antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Surgery is not the best option for all resistant patients due to its post-surgical consequences. Therefore, several alternative or complementary therapies have scientifically proven significant therapeutic potential for the management of seizures in intractable epilepsy patients with seizure-free occurrences. Various non-pharmacological interventions include metabolic therapy, brain stimulation therapy, and complementary therapy. Metabolic therapy works out by altering the energy metabolites and include the ketogenic diets (KD) (that is restricted in carbohydrates and mimics the metabolic state of the body as produced during fasting and exerts its antiepileptic effect) and anaplerotic diet (which revives the level of TCA cycle intermediates and this is responsible for its effect). Neuromodulation therapy includes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation therapy (RNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy (TMS). Complementary therapies such as biofeedback and music therapy have demonstrated promising results in pharmacoresistant epilepsies. The current emphasis of the review article is to explore the different integrated mechanisms of various treatments for adequate seizure control, and their limitations, and supportive pieces of evidence that show the efficacy and tolerability of these non-pharmacological options.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alqahtani</LastName><ForeName>Faleh</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Imran</LastName><ForeName>Imran</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pervaiz</LastName><ForeName>Hafsa</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ashraf</LastName><ForeName>Waseem</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Perveen</LastName><ForeName>Nadia</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rasool</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad Fawad</ForeName><Initials>MF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alasmari</LastName><ForeName>Abdullah F</ForeName><Initials>AF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alharbi</LastName><ForeName>Metab</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Samad</LastName><ForeName>Noreen</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alqarni</LastName><ForeName>Saleh Abdullah</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Rejaie</LastName><ForeName>Salim S</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alanazi</LastName><ForeName>Mohammed Mufadhe</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>29</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Saudi Arabia</Country><MedlineTA>Saudi Pharm J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9705695</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1319-0164</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ASDs, Antiepileptic drugs</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ATP, Adenosine triphosphate</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Anaplerotic diet</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">BBB, Blood-brain barrier</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">CKD, Classic ketogenic diet</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">EEG, Electroencephalography</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">EMG, Electromyography</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">GABA, Gamma-aminobutyric acid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Intractable epilepsy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">KB, Ketone bodies</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">KD, Ketogenic diet</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ketogenic diet</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">LC, Locus coeruleus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">LCFA, Long-chain fatty acids</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">MAD, Modified Atkin's diet</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">MCT, Medium-chain triglyceride</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">MEP, Maximal evoked potential</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Music therapy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">NTS, Nucleus tractus solitaries</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">RNS, Responsive neurostimulation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ROS, reactive oxygen species</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SMR, Sensorimotor rhythm</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">TCA, Tricarboxylic acid cycle</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">TMS, Transcranial magnetic stimulation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Transcranial magnetic stimulation Biofeedback therapy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">VNS, Vagus nerve stimulation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Vagus nerve stimulation</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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